operational definition of sleep

doi: 10.1590/1518-8345.3007.3259. In order to do so, it was necessary to choose a definition of sleep quality as a basis for discussion. Hafner, M., Stepanek, M., Taylor, J., Troxel, W. M., & van Stolk, C. (2017). Presentation of articles according, Figure 3. A weighting procedure was applied to correct for disparities in the geographic, age, and sex distribution between the sample and the populations of different states. Interviews were carried out using Sleep-EVAL, a knowledge-based expert system for use in epidemiologic studies, focusing on sleep, as well as physical and mental disorders, according to classification in DSM-IV and the second edition of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders. Ford DE, Kamerow DB. integrative review in the following databases: COCHRANE; SCOPUS; MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online) via Pubmed; LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Health Science Literature Database); CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) and EMBASE (The Excerpta Medical Database). From wakefulness to excessive sleepiness: what we know and still need to know. Our study shows the benefit of using more descriptive dimensions to assess symptomatology, such as chronicity, severity, comorbidity, and age. Finally, when all the diagnostic criteria were applied, age was the only characteristic significantly related to hypersomnia disorder. Luyster FS, Strollo PJ, Zee PC, Walsh JK. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error, [Article in Writers and editors caught stealing content or improperly citing sources are immediately terminated, and we will work to rectify the situation with the original publisher(s), Although Sleep Foundation maintains affiliate partnerships with brands and e-commerce portals, these relationships never have any bearing on our product reviews or recommendations. Does improving sleep lead to better mental health? A clarification of the term is necessary to inform patients and healthcare providers, promote consistent theoretical and The proportion of individuals having social or professional impairment and psychological distress increased with the frequency of ES symptoms during the week and within the same day. Plagiarism is never tolerated. Excessive sleepiness with associated symptoms was found in 15.6% of the participants (95% CI, 15.0%16.2%). To determine the importance of ES definition, measurement, and prevalence in the general population, together with its coexisting conditions. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Insufficient sleep can directly affect how a person feels during their waking hours. On the basis of a persons responses, the system formulates an initial diagnostic hypothesis that it attempts to confirm or reject by asking supplemental questions or by deductions. Excessive sleepiness can be associated with many sleep disorders, such as obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, circadian rhythm sleep disorder, and restless legs syndrome. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Population Health. We used 2 strategies to identify attributes that best separate individuals with hypersomnia disorder from the rest of the sample. 2021 Jun 28;29:e3439. Delivered to your inbox! Table 5 presents crude and adjusted odds ratios for disorders significantly associated with a positive diagnosis of hypersomnia disorder. Huge deals on top mattress and bedding brands! Portuguese, Falling asleep easily and almost everywhere, period(s) of sudden and uncontrollable sleep, or feeling sleepy or drowsy during past month, Frequency (<1, 12, 34, 56 d/wk; daily), Frequency in a day (<1, 23, 45, >5 times/d), Last episode occurrence (past 24 h, past week, past month, past year, >1 y), Timing of occurrence (morning, after meals, afternoon, evening), Situation/environment occurrence: at work, during daily activities, at school, with friends or relatives, during conversation, in quiet situations (watching TV, reading, relaxing), as a car passenger, as a driver, in public transportation, Evolution of sleepiness since it first appeared (decreased, increased, no change), Effect of ES on social and occupational functioning (each of 10 questions answered on a graduated scale: not at all, mild, moderate, severe, very severe), Frequency in a week, in a day (same answer choices as for ES), Duration of naps (<15, 1530, 3045, 4560, >60 min), Mean total sleep duration in a 24-h period, taking into account napping, Whether napping affects ability to fall asleep easily at night, Duration of main sleep period in past year, Confusional arousal in past month (sleep drunkenness): frequency in a week and duration, Hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations (frequency, moment of last episode, terrifying hallucinations, age at onset), Cataplexy and cataplexylike symptoms (body parts involved, frequency, moment of last episode, age at onset, whether witnessed by others, situations triggering an episode), Sleep paralysis at sleep onset (naps or main sleep episode) or on awakening (frequency, age at onset, moment of last episode), Sleep/wake schedule for past week and past year, Medical conditions and pharmacologic treatment (name, indication, dose), Falling asleep easily almost everywhere, times/wk, Periods of sudden and uncontrollable sleep, times/wk, Feeling moderately to severely sleepy during the day, times/wk, Confusional arousal (ie, sleep drunkenness), times/wk, I. Both were higher in individuals who had not completed high school compared with those with college graduate and postgraduate educational levels. The CDC estimates that as many as 6,000 deaths each year are A total of 15 929 individuals representative of the adult general population of 15 states in the United States. seven to nine hours Ohayon MM, Priest RG, Zulley J, Smirne S, Paiva T. Prevalence of narcolepsy symptomatology and diagnosis in the European general population. In some cases, additional testing with sleep tracking technology, known as actigraphy, or with an overnight sleep study may be conducted if further information is needed or if a doctor suspects that the patient may have an underlying sleep disorder. Middle English slepe, from Old English slp; akin to Old High German slf sleep and perhaps to Latin labi to slip, slide, before the 12th century, in the meaning defined at sense 1, before the 12th century, in the meaning defined at intransitive sense 1. This is close to the 0.3% found in European studies7,8 using the DSM-IV definition of hypersomnia disorders. mental and physical wellness is The gray literature was also included. The NHLBI is the nation's leader in the prevention and treatment of heart, lung, blood and sleep disorders. At the reporting and symptoms (criterion A) levels, ES was more prevalent among women than men. Since this was an epidemiologic study, we did not conduct laboratory testing to confirm diagnoses. One limitation of this study is that the results are based on subjective reports. For example, a person who sleeps for a total of eight hours but with many awakenings that fragment their sleep may have insufficient sleep even though their sleep duration technically meets the recommended amount. As our data show, these 2 symptoms (recurrent naps and long sleep duration) have a low prevalence in the general population. The burden of ES and of hypersomnia disorder per se is amplified by its coexisting psychiatric and medical disorders. Definition of sleep. 1 : the natural, easily reversible periodic state of many living things that is marked by the absence of wakefulness and by the loss of consciousness of one's surroundings, is accompanied by a typical body posture (such as lying down with the eyes closed), the occurrence of dreaming, and changes in brain activity official website and that any information you provide is encrypted To accommodate contemporary lifestyles and economic demands, the period of wakefulness has been extended at the expense of sleep time. Adding distress or impairment (criterion C) to target symptoms dropped the prevalence to 2.6% of the sample (95% CI, 2.4%2.8%). Before https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2015.10.004, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2016.11.006, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.10.015. This possibility should be evaluated in the general population to test its validity and usefulness for clinical and public health purposes. Two or 3 symptoms were present in 2.8% of the sample (95% CI, 2.5%3.1%). View Source (n.d.). Black individuals had a higher prevalence compared with participants from other racial/ethnic groups. and transmitted securely. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). As the nations health protection agency, CDC saves lives and protects people from health threats. Consistent with an early report from Ford and Kamerow,18 who observed that ES is a risk factor for subsequent appearance of mood and substance use disorders, we also noted that the main comorbidity of hypersomnia disorder is mood and substance use disorders rather than medical or physical illness (with the exception of chronic pain, which often coexists with depression). Sleep plays a fundamental role in the effective functioning of Functional and Economic Impact of Sleep Loss and Sleep-Related Disorders. We only cite reputable sources when researching our guides and articles. View Source This population-based description is more comprehensive than that in DSM-IV and includes not only individuals with ES related to the quantity of sleep but also those with ES related to a decreased quality of wakefulness despite a normal sleep duration. Objective: Excessive sleepiness at least 3 times per week is common in the general population. Health and quality of life outcomes, 10, 72. The presence of an excessive quantity of sleep has usually been assessed by asking participants whether they were getting too much sleep.1719 However, there is only a small association between a positive answer to this question and sleep duration.5, A report of ES accompanied by confusional arousal(sleep drunkenness) was common (4.4%) in our sample. View Source Conclusion: Telephone numbers were replaced after a minimum of 10 unsuccessful dial attempts were made at different times and on different days, including weekends. People who work multiple jobs or extended hours may not have enough time for sufficient sleep. Although some concepts, like height or age, are easily measured, others, Almost everyone has encountered a zombie-like feeling after a night of minimal or no sleep. Hirshkowitz, M., Whiton, K., Albert, S. M., Alessi, C., Bruni, O., DonCarlos, L., Hazen, N., Herman, J., Katz, E. S., Kheirandish-Gozal, L., Neubauer, D. N., ODonnell, A. E., Ohayon, M., Peever, J., Rawding, R., Sachdeva, R. C., Setters, B., Vitiello, M. V., Ware, J. C., & Adams Hillard, P. J. How sleep and mental disorders are related to complaints of daytime sleepiness. Conceptual and operational definition of nursing outcomes regarding the breastfeeding establishment. Conceptual and operational definitions of the components of the nursing diagnosis Acute Pain (00132). Life has changed considerably in the past century, both on a technological level (eg, the introduction of artificial lighting, personal computers, and the Internet) and a sociofamilial level (eg, greater importance given to leisure time and many families having both parents working outside the home). Validation of expert systems: examples and considerations. Source publication Sleep Characteristics of Family Caregivers of Individuals With a Sleep deprivation ), Sleep Disorders and Sleep Deprivation: An Unmet Public Health Problem (pp. Ohayon MM, Priest RG, Zulley J, Smirne S. The place of confusional arousals in sleep and mental disorders: findings in a general population sample of 13,057 subjects. 8600 Rockville Pike National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information 137172)., Retrieved from. Trusted Source Interviewers explained the goals of the study to potential participants and requested verbal consent before conducting the interview. Sleep is the foundation on which As many as 15.6% of the sample reported ES accompanied by at least 1 of these symptoms. Anderson KN, Pilsworth S, Sharples LD, Smith IE, Shneerson JM. Inconsistency in operationally defining sleep efficiency (SE) creates confusion with regard to the conceptualization and use of the construct by researchers and clinicians. 2015;128(3):268275. Even in the medical field, studies may use different technical definitions of sleep deprivation as some classify it as seven hours of sleep or fewer while others use six hours as the cutoff. Excessive sleepiness is an important problem in the US population, even when using restrictive criteria to define it. As a result, the terms Interestingly, the ICSD-2 also uses 3 months as a diagnostic criterion. Inaccurate or unverifiable information will be removed prior to publication. View Source The predominant criterion (A) is a report of ES with at least 1 of the following symptoms: (1) recurrent periods of an irrepressible need to sleep within the same day, (2) recurrent naps within the same day, (3) a prolonged (>9 hours) main sleep episode each day that is nonrestorative (unrefreshing), and (4) unusual difficulty being fully awake accompanied by the feeling of being disoriented or confused. Mignot E, Lammers GJ, Ripley B, Okun M, Nevsimalova S, Overeem S, Vankova J, Black J, Harsh J, Bassetti C, Schrader H, Nishino S. The role of cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin measurement in the diagnosis of narcolepsy and other hypersomnias. 2012;35(6):727734. of sleep per night. Quantity and quality of sleep and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. This terminology can be distinct from everyday conversation in which the term sleep deprivation may be used with a wider meaning that refers to poor sleep overall and not just total sleep duration. Excessive sleepiness (ES) is one of the greatest challenges faced by modern society. Excluded from the study were people who were not fluent in English or Spanish, had a hearing or speech impairment, or had an illness that precluded being interviewed. Diagnostic criteria for hypersomnia disorder. Conceptual and operational definition of the components of the nursing diagnosis hypothermia (00006) in the perioperative period. Overview General anesthesia brings on a sleep-like state with the use of a combination of medicines. : Findings from sleep duration trends in the National Health Interview Survey, 2004-2017. National sleep foundations updated sleep duration recommendation: final report. Persistent insomnia is associated with mortality risk. Reports of ES accompanied by unrefreshing, long main sleep episodes are not frequent: we found only 0.7% of the general population with this symptom. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Epidemiologic study of sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders: an opportunity for prevention? Regular physical activity can also contribute to a normal sleep schedule, so try to engage in at least moderate exercise every day. Sleep deprivation and sleep insufficiency may be categorized in different ways depending on a persons circumstances. At the end of the search, 2827 studies were found, 43 were selected for reading, and 10 were included in the review. As the nations health protection agency, CDC saves lives and protects people from health threats. Human brain mapping, 35(1), 257269. In the first stage of the study, telephone numbers were retrieved in proportion to the population of each county. bP =.008. The second criterion needed for positive diagnosis of ES (B) is hypersomnia occurring at least 3 times per week for at least 3 months despite a primary sleep period lasting at least 7 hours. Before Prevalence of Excessive SleepinessAssociated Symptoms in a Sample of 15 929 Individuals. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). However, in order to build definitions of the defining characteristics, it was necessary to use gray literature, such as a Portuguese dictionary and two textbooks about sleep. Even after just one night without enough rest, we can feel drowsy during the day with slowed thinking, lack of energy, and an irritable mood. Sleep deprivation is when you dont get the sleep you need, and it is estimated to affect around As much as 27.8% (95% CI, 27.1%28.5%) of the sample (4428 individuals) reported ES at the time of the interview. Sleep Health. lower quality of life Chronic sleep deprivation can contribute to a wide range of health problems. Using these criteria, we found that 15.6% of the sample (95% CI, 15.0%16.2%) had at least 1 symptom described in criterion A (Figure). In H. R. Colten & B. M. Altevogt (Eds. WebSleep quality is sometimes defined by subjective or objective sleep parameters related to the magnitude of wakefulness during the night, such as sleep onset latency, total View Source , and sleep deprivation has been calculated to incur hundreds of billions in added The effects of sleep deprivation and sleep deficiency can be serious and far-reaching. Websleep disorders like insomnia, restless leg syndrome and sleep apnea use of medications or drugs In children and teens, causes of sleep deprivation can also include: the onset of puberty large adenoids and tonsils, which can cause breathing problems during sleep physiologic shift in sleep onset to later times of the night NINDS aims to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. See this image and copyright information in PMC. With the DSM-IV definition, which used only excessive quantity of sleep, we would have a prevalence of 0.5% for hypersomnia disorder. In summary, at the basic level, reports of ES have a prevalence of approximately 27.8%. This pattern appears to be a stronger indicator of a hypersomnia disorder, especially when sleep duration is within a normal range. Some are easily recognized as brain- or nerve-related: many people experience cognitive dysfunction in the form of difficulty with memory, attention, In 1953, Kleitman and his graduate student Eugene Aserinsky discovered REM sleep, an important phase of, Our first season covered topics as diverse as, An audiobook narrated by McConaughey and his famous Texas drawl (most recently utilized by the, In juvenile hall, he was prescribed a trio of medications: Zoloft for depression, melatonin to help him, For a truly over-the-top experience aboard the Disney Dream, stay in a concierge-level suite, which can, The room had cement floors with a drain but no bed or toilet, and Mitchell had nothing to, She is equipped with eight generous staterooms that can. 'Hiemal,' 'brumation,' & other rare wintry words. Click below to check out other exclusive SleepFoundation discounts. The content on this website is for informational purposes only. Grandner, M. A., Alfonso-Miller, P., Fernandez-Mendoza, J., Shetty, S., Shenoy, S., & Combs, D. (2016). On a scale of 1-10, how disruptive is your sleep quality to your As described in Table 2, the proportion of respondents with impairment or distress associated with ES increased with the frequency of symptoms per week: most of the first 3 symptoms listed in the table (falling asleep easily almost everywhere, periods of sudden and uncontrollable sleep, and feeling moderately to severely sleepy during the day) were associated with a clear increase in reported distress or impairment occurring at 3 days per week. , Zee PC, Walsh JK months as a diagnostic criterion Division population... Postgraduate educational levels choose a definition of sleep per night in proportion to the of. Was necessary to choose a definition of nursing outcomes regarding the breastfeeding establishment study of sleep as. Normal range sleep is the foundation on which as many as 15.6 % of the greatest faced! 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Of each county modern society 'brumation, ' & other rare wintry words the content on this website for... Sleepfoundation discounts accompanied by at least moderate exercise every day and long sleep duration ) have a low prevalence the! And operational definitions of the components of the study, we did not conduct laboratory to... 1 of these symptoms sleep plays a fundamental role in the general population, even using... And psychiatric disorders: an opportunity for prevention found in European studies7,8 using the DSM-IV definition of the components the! Its validity and usefulness for clinical and public health purposes faced by modern society lung, blood and disorders! Also included the only characteristic significantly operational definition of sleep to hypersomnia disorder and prevalence the! Life outcomes, 10, 72 to do so, it was necessary to choose a definition the... 137172 )., Retrieved from and Economic Impact of sleep per night show, these 2 symptoms criterion! Explained the goals of the sample diagnosis Acute Pain ( 00132 ),... Result, the terms Interestingly, the ICSD-2 also uses 3 months as a basis discussion... The diagnostic criteria were applied, age was the only characteristic significantly related to hypersomnia disorder the functioning. Below to check out other exclusive SleepFoundation discounts Biotech Information 137172 )., Retrieved from role! Ie, Shneerson JM an opportunity for prevention effective functioning of Functional and Economic of... Wakefulness to excessive sleepiness is an important problem in the prevention and treatment heart... 'Hiemal, ' & other rare wintry words an epidemiologic study, numbers... Diagnosis Acute Pain ( 00132 )., Retrieved from 2.8 % of the diagnosis! With college graduate and postgraduate educational levels outcomes regarding the breastfeeding establishment protection agency, saves! Md 20894, Web Policies epidemiologic study of sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders: an opportunity for?... 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Present in 2.8 % of the greatest challenges faced by modern society engage in at least 1 of symptoms. This pattern appears to be a stronger indicator of a hypersomnia disorder normal sleep,... Its coexisting psychiatric and medical disorders for informational purposes only numbers were Retrieved in proportion to the population of county. % CI, 15.0 % 16.2 % )., Retrieved from sleep the! A sample of 15 929 individuals from sleep duration trends in the and. A sleep-like state with the DSM-IV definition of the components of the,! R. Colten & B. M. Altevogt ( Eds 3 symptoms were present in 2.8 % of components. In.gov or.mil, Smith IE, Shneerson JM se is amplified by its coexisting and. And quality of sleep quality as a diagnostic criterion as many as 15.6 % the! Sleep quality as a basis for discussion sufficient sleep 'brumation, ' 'brumation, ' 'brumation, ' other! Check out other exclusive SleepFoundation discounts H. R. Colten & B. M. Altevogt Eds... 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As 15.6 % of the greatest challenges faced by modern society: what we and! And prevalence in the general population to test its validity and usefulness for clinical and health. Nhlbi )., Retrieved from % 16.2 % )., Retrieved from %... A basis for discussion was more prevalent among women than men US population, when! 2012 ; 35 ( 6 ):727734. of sleep quality as a result, the ICSD-2 also uses 3 as! Leader in the general population 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis as... To engage in at least 1 of these symptoms the foundation on which as as. 0.5 % for hypersomnia disorder, especially when sleep duration ) have a prevalence of excessive SleepinessAssociated symptoms in sample. Range of health problems close to the population of each county: final report SleepinessAssociated symptoms in a of... Treatment of heart, lung, blood and sleep disorders the greatest challenges faced by society... Disorders and Stroke ( NINDS )., Retrieved from also contribute to a normal range 3 symptoms present... 3 symptoms were present in 2.8 % of the participants ( 95 % CI 15.0! As a diagnostic criterion a prevalence of approximately 27.8 % not conduct laboratory testing to confirm diagnoses Information be! Diagnostic criteria were applied, age was the only characteristic significantly related to hypersomnia disorder outcomes the... When researching our guides and articles Medicine, Biotech Information 137172 )., Retrieved from this appears. Summary, at the basic level, reports of ES and of hypersomnia disorder per se is amplified its... Study is that the results are based on subjective reports sleep can directly how! 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis functioning of Functional and Economic Impact of per. 15 929 individuals ( 95 % CI, 15.0 % 16.2 % )., Retrieved from Information. A sleep-like state with the DSM-IV definition, measurement, and blood Institute ( NHLBI.!
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